Failing to follow age verification laws can bring serious legal consequences, such as fines, limits on doing business, or reputational damage for your brand. Find out all you need to know to stay compliant no matter what states you operate in.
Today we spend more time digitally than ever before. Statista report indicates that since 2021, an adult in the United States spends on average a little over 8 hours a day and the forecasts predict further growth of this number. However the growing importance of the digital world, while undoubtedly a positive thing that enhances our access to information and enables limitless opportunities for personal growth, brings its risks. The risks are especially impactful to vulnerable groups such as children. For example, some types of content, such as pornographic content, are often cited as having many detrimental effects on childrens’ development. Adult-oriented materials have been confirmed by UNICEF to lead to a range of negative outcomes for children.
The article “Pornography use among adolescents and the role of primary care” by Grace B Jhe. and others provides stunning revelations. The authors note that the estimates for consumption among young individuals vary quite a bit from 20% to 60%. At the same time the article points out that the nationally representative surveys of adolescents in the US reported the number of adolescents accessing online pornography reaching as high as 68%.
Therefore it should not come as a surprise that the intense surge of new legislative initiatives mandating the use of the age verification established age assurance as one of the key topics in the identity verification space today. Online businesses across all sectors must comply with developing age restriction rules and regulations to meet their compliance obligations. Failing to follow age verification laws can bring serious legal consequences, such as lengthy litigation processes, loss of trust, and even fines or limits on doing business. Indeed, it brings reputational damage for the brand, as the company faces risk of losing customers if they don’t show robust compliance with the laws.
With a thorough grounding in the legislative framework, our legal experts are also perfectly placed to assist you in determining the US’s most important, applicable, and upcoming age verification regulations. Here we aim to examine how different states tackle this critical issue within their legal frameworks. For some states, however, the age verification laws are still progressing through the legislative procedures.
For informative purposes we provide you with non-exhaustive list of pending regulations:
While the distribution of pornographic content has been regulated for quite some time already, Louisiana’s House Bill 142, also known as Act 440, enacted on January 1, 2023, was the first groundbreaking legislation addressing the issue of minors’ exposure to such content online.
The importance of the Louisiana age verification law stems from the fact that it has set a precedent for other states to follow. Indeed nowadays many can see the significant impact of Louisiana’s age verification law in paving the way for the U.S.-wide trend towards stricter age verification laws. For instance, states like Arkansas, Virginia, Florida, South Dakota, West Virginia, Kansas, and Mississippi have introduced similar legislation to enforce age verification on digital businesses. These laws, just like their Louisiana counterpart, aim to regulate the accessibility of digital content and services, particularly those that could be harmful to minors.
As we continue to pave the way for further technological advancements, we see that many states do not hesitate to produce laws analogous to Louisiana age verification law. Yet others go beyond this “standard” approach and establish even more specific safeguards that are particularly important for social media providers.
In any case, we can effortlessly see that age verification laws will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in creating a safer online environment for the younger generation and online businesses operating in the US, regardless of their sector, must familiarize themselves with the applicable framework.
Codified as: Louisiana Revised Statutes, Title 51, Section 51:2121
Regulation overview: Pornography Age Verification Enforcement Act or the PAVE Act requires commercial entities that knowingly and intentionally publish or distribute material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to perform a reasonable age verification to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
Implement reasonable age verification method through the use of:
Link: House Bill 77
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The Act establishes civil liability for the violators. Any commercial entity that violates the requirements of the act may be penalized:
How is it enforced: Attorney General.
Codified as: Louisiana Revised Statutes, Title 9, Section 9:2800.29
Regulation overview: Requires commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to perform a reasonable age verification to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
1. Not to retain any identifying information on the individual after performing age verification and after access has been granted to the material.
2. Implement reasonable age verification method, through use of:
Link: House Bill 142
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The scope of penalties remains somewhat ambiguous. The Act provides that an entity who fails to implement reasonable age verification methods or knowingly retains identifying information of the individual after the access has been granted to the individual is liable to an individual for damages resulting from a minor accessing the material or retaining identifying information, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.
How is it enforced: Most likely, through a private right of action, but the Act is not too clear in this regard.
Codified as: Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Title 6, Chapter 129B
Regulation overview: Requires a commercial entity, including social media platform, that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to use reasonable age verification methods to verify that an individual attempting to access the material is 18 years of age or older.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
1. Not to retain any identifying information on the individual after performing age verification.
2. Display specific notices on the landing page of the internet website on which sexual material harmful to minors is published or distributed and all advertisements for that website in 14-point font or larger.
3. Display the specific notice at the bottom of every page of an internet website (on which sexual material harmful to minors is published or distributed) in 14-point font or larger.
4. Implement age verification through the use of:
Link: House Bill 1181
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The Act establishes civil liability for the violators. The Attorney General may bring an action to enjoin the violation, recover a civil penalty, and obtain another relief the court considers appropriate. A civil penalty may amount to not more than the total of:
Additionally, the attorney general may recover reasonable and necessary attorney's fees and costs incurred in an action highlighted above.
How is it enforced: Attorney General
Codified as: Texas Business and Commerce Code, Title 1, Subtitle A, Chapter 509
Regulation overview: Requires a digital service provider (website, application, program or software that collects personal information) to register the age of their users, to obtain verified parental consent to enable minors’ access to the range of functionalities and establishes providers’ duties to prevent harm to minors.
Applicability: digital service provider which can be a website, application, program or software that collects personal information through the Internet. For example, this includes social media providers, video sharing platforms and streaming platforms.
Core requirements include:
Link: House Bill 18
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The violation of the law is deemed as a deceptive act or practice and will be sanctioned accordingly. The law does not authorize private right of action, however parents may bring an action seeking a declaratory judgment or an injunction.
How is it enforced: By the Consumer Protection Division of the Attorney General’s Office.
Codified as: California Civil Code, Division 3, Part 4, Title 1.81.47
Regulation overview: The California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (CAADCA) requires a business that provides an online service, product, or feature likely to be accessed by children to complete a Data Protection Impact Assessment to identify potential harms to which children may be exposed and, where appropriate, estimate the age of child users with reasonable certainty appropriate to the risks to which they may be exposed.
Applicability: CAADCA applies to any business whose online service, product, or feature is likely to be accessed by children where such service, product, or feature may expose a child to the risk of harm.
Core requirements include:
Link: Assembly Bill 2273
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Online service, product, or feature excludes:
This act does not apply to information or entities specified in the California Civil Code, section 1798.145 (for example, health care providers or entities cooperating with law enforcement agencies).
Applicable sanctions: Any business that is found to violate this act may be subject to the following:
How is it enforced: Attorney General
Codified as: North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter 66, Article 51, Section 66-500
Regulation overview: Pornography Age Verification Enforcement Act or the PAVE Act requires a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, or partnerships.
Some notable requirements:
1. Not to retain any identifying information on the individual after performing age verification and after access has been granted to the material
2. Implement age and identity verification through the use of:
Link: House Bill 8 / SL 2023-132
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The act establishes civil liability for the violators.
Parents or guardians of affected minors and/or persons whose identifying information is retained in violations of requirements under the PAVE Act may seek from the court the following types of relief:
How is it enforced: Private right of action - meaning any affected individual (e.g. a parent or guardian of a minor who gained access to the material) can bring the case to the court.
Codified as: Montana State Statutes, Title 30, Chapter 14
Regulation overview: Requires a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
1. Not to retain any identifying information on the individual after performing age verification and after access has been granted to the material.
2. Implement reasonable age verification method through the use of:
Link: Senate Bill 544
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The scope of penalties remains somewhat ambiguous. The Act provides that an entity who fails to implement reasonable age verification methods or knowingly retains identifying information of the individual after the access has been granted to the individual is liable to an individual for damages resulting from a minor accessing the material or retaining identifying information, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.
How is it enforced: Most likely through the private right of action, but the Act is not too clear in this regard.
Codified as: Code of Virginia, Title 8.01, Chapter 3, Article 3, Section 8.01-40.5
Regulation overview: Requires a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
Link: Senate Bill 1515
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to the provider or user of interactive computer service on the internet.
Applicable sanctions: The scope of penalties remains somewhat ambiguous. The Act establishes that any commercial entity that violates this Act may be subject to civil liability for damages resulting from a minor's access to such material harmful to a minor and reasonable attorney fees and costs.
How is it enforced: Most likely, through a private right of action, but the Act is not too clear in this regard.
Codified as: Code of Arkansas, Title 4, Subtitle 7, Chapter 88, Subchapter 13
Regulation overview: Protection of Minors from Distribution of Harmful Material Act requires a commercial entity to use a reasonable age verification method before allowing access to a website that contains a substantial portion of material that is harmful to minors.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
1. Not to retain any identifying information on the individual after performing reasonable age verification and after access has been granted to the material.
2. Implement reasonable age verification method through the use of:
Link: Senate Bill 66
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The scope of penalties remains somewhat ambiguous. The Act provides that an entity who fails to implement reasonable age verification methods or knowingly retains identifying information of the individual after the access has been granted to the individual is liable to an individual for damages resulting from a minor accessing the material or retaining identifying information, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.
How is it enforced: Most likely, through a private right of action, but the Act is not too clear in this regard.
Codified as: Code of Arkansas, Title 4, Subtitle 7, Chapter 88, Subchapter 14
Regulation overview: Requires social media companies to prevent a minor from being an account holder on the social media platform unless the minor has the express consent of a parent or legal guardian.
Applicability:
Social media company - means an online forum that a company makes available for an account holder to:
Core requirements include:
1. Not to retain any identifying information of the individual after performing age verification and providing access to social media platforms.
2. Social media companies must verify the age of an account holder and, if the holder is a minor, confirm that they have parental/guardian's consent to become a new account holder when opening an account. The age verification can be conducted through the use of:
Link: Senate Bill 396
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: A social media company, who violates the provisions of the act may be liable to:
How is it enforced: Prosecutor and/or Attorney General. The private right of action is also authorized.
Codified as: Mississippi Code 1972, Title 11, Chapter 77
Regulation overview: Requires a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to perform a reasonable age verification to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
1. Not retain any identifying information on the individual after performing age verification and after access has been granted to the material.
2. Implement reasonable age verification method through the use of:
Link: Senate Bill 2346
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The scope of penalties remains somewhat ambiguous. The Act provides that an entity who fails to implement reasonable age verification methods or knowingly retains identifying information of the individual after the access has been granted to the individual is liable to an individual for damages resulting from a minor accessing the material or retaining identifying information, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.
How is it enforced: Most likely, through a private right of action, but the Act is not too clear in this regard.
Codified as: Utah Code, Title 78B, Chapter 3, Part 10
Regulation overview: Requires a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to perform a reasonable age verification to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
1. Not to retain any identifying information on the individual after performing age verification and after access has been granted to the material.
2. Implement reasonable age verification method through the use of:
Link: Senate Bill 287
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: The scope of penalties remains somewhat ambiguous. The Act provides that an entity who fails to implement reasonable age verification methods or knowingly retains identifying information of the individual after the access has been granted to the individual is liable to an individual for damages resulting from a minor accessing the material or retaining identifying information, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.
How is it enforced: Most likely, through a private right of action, but the Act is not too clear in this regard.
Codified as: Utah Code, Title 78B, Chapter 3, Part 11 and Title 13, Chapter 71
Regulation overview: As a result of the lawsuits that challanged the House Bill 311, the Senate Bill 194 and the House Bill 464 were recently enacted. These laws while amending the substance of its earlier counterpart both form a framework that is quite similar to the one offered by House Bill 311.
In short Senate Bill 194 imposes a range of requirements on social media companies such as requiring to implement an age assurance system to determine whether the intended user is a minor. The House Bill 464 on the other hand establishes the private right of action for the violation of the Senate Bill 194.
Applicability:
Social media company - means an entity that operates a social media service.
Social media service - means a public website or application that:
Core requirements include:
Link: Senate Bill 194 and House Bill 464
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to email, cloud storage, document viewing, sharing, or collaboration services.
Applicable sanctions: Social media companies may be liable to the following penalties:
How is it enforced: Department of Commerce the Division of Consumer Protection and private right of action
Codified as: Utah Code, Title 13, Chapter 63
Regulation overview: The Utah Social Media Regulation Act requires social media companies to prevent a minor from being an account holder on the social media platform unless the minor has the express consent of a parent or legal guardian.
Applicability:
Social media company - means a person or entity that:
Social media platform - means an online forum that a social media company makes available for an account holder to:
Core requirements include:
Link: House Bill 311
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to social media platforms as provided in Utah Code, Section 13-63-101(10(b))
Applicable sanctions: Social media companies may be liable to the following penalties:
How is it enforced: Division of Consumer Protection and Attorney General. Private right of action is also foreseen.
Codified as: Indiana Code, Title 24, Article 4, Chapter 23
Regulation overview: Requires an operator of adult oriented website that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to perform a reasonable age verification to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Operators of adult oriented websites - these are persons who operate publicly accessible websites that publish material harmful to minors, if at least one-third of the images and videos published on the website depict material harmful to minors.
Core requirements include:
Link: Senate Bill 17
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: Any business that is found to violate this act may be subject to the following:
How is it enforced: Private right of action or by Attorney General
Codified as: Ohio Revised Code, Title 13, Chapter 1349, Section 1349.09
Regulation overview: The Ohio Social Media Parental Notification Act requires social media operators to prevent a minor from being an account holder on the social media platform unless the minor has the express consent of a parent or legal guardian.
Applicability:
Social media operator - means a person or entity that operates an online product that has users in Ohio and that allows users to do all of the following:
Core requirements include:
Link: Ohio Revised Code
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to an online web site, service, or product where the predominant or exclusive function is:
Applicable sanctions: Attorney General has authority to bring civil action for a temporary restraining order, preliminary or permanent injunction, and civil penalties. Civil penalties are scalable and become bigger as the non-compliance continues:
How is it enforced: By Attorney General.
Codified as: Idaho Code, Title 24, Article 4, Chapter 23
Regulation overview: Requires a commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes material harmful to minors on the internet from a website that contains a substantial portion of such material to perform a reasonable age verification to verify the age of the individuals attempting to access the material.
Applicability: Commercial entities - these are any legally recognized entities, such as, among others, corporations, limited liability companies, and partnerships.
Core requirements include:
Implement reasonable age verification method through the use of:
Link: House Bill 498
Status:
Exemptions, if any: Does not apply to:
Applicable sanctions: Any business that is found to violate this act may be subject to the following:
How is it enforced: Private right of action.
To pave the way for compliance, businesses should first familiarize themselves with the relevant laws and regulations in the regions where they operate. This includes understanding the scope, the specific age thresholds for different types of content, authorized age verification measures, and the penalties for non-compliance. Informed legal counsel can provide valuable guidance in this area.
It is recommended businesses assess their current practices and identify potential gaps in age verification. This process ranges from reviewing website design and user registration processes to specific content access controls. It’s important to remember that age verification is not a one-size-fits-all solution; what works for one business in one jurisdiction may not work for another.
Implementing robust age verification systems is a crucial step. These systems can be very different, with simple forms, such as self-declaration, becoming less and less attractive. Meanwhile, more sophisticated methods such as identity verification services have become more suitable for compliance purposes. Even though robust age verification solutions typically require more resources, they offer greater accuracy and reliability, and informed businesses should weigh the costs and benefits of different systems to determine the most suitable option.
Training internal staff to handle age verification is equally important. Employees should understand the importance of age verification, know how to use the systems in place, and be able to handle any issues that arise, particularly those that are outlined within the applicable laws or regulations. Regular training sessions can help ensure that staff are up-to-date with the latest practices and regulations.
Finally, businesses should always aim to stay up-to-date, which involves regular reviews and updates to their age verification practices. As laws and technologies constantly evolve, businesses need to stay ahead of these changes to remain compliant and efficient. Regular audits can come in handy and help identify any issues early and allow for timely rectification.
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